SOUTH GAUTENG HIGH COURT, JOHANNESBURG
Case No.  36243/08
Date:10/06/2010
In the matter between:
PHILLEMON KGOROSHI MATLADI..................................................................Plaintiff
and
ROAD ACCIDENT FUND.............................................................................Defendant

MEYER, J

[1]	The plaintiff in this action claimed the payment of compensation for his damages as a result of bodily injuries that had been sustained by him due to a head on collision that occurred on 30 November 2007 on the R25 freeway in which the plaintiff was a front seat passenger.    

[2]	Only the quantification of the general damages suffered by the plaintiff was in issue by the commencement of this trial on 26 November 2009.  The issue of liability had been resolved.  The plaintiff was entitled to 100% of his agreed or proven damages.  It was further agreed that the defendant would pay the plaintiff the sum of R190, 000.00 for his loss of income and that it would provide the plaintiff with an undertaking in terms of s 17(4)(a) of the Road Accident Fund Act to pay for his future medical treatment in respect of the injuries sustained by him.  

[3]	No evidence was led at the trial.  The content of exhibit ‘A’, which comprises medico-legal reports and medical records, was common cause between the parties.  Counsel for each party addressed me on the issue of the quantum of the plaintiff’s general damages.  I considered an award of R210, 000.00 to be fair and just in all the circumstances.  The order which I made on 26 November 2009 included such award.  These are the reasons.

[4]	The plaintiff was born on 10 September 1968.  The plaintiff is married to Ms. Bonso Tswana and they have two children, namely Gilvert who was born in 2003 and Mahlonono who was born in 2004.   The plaintiff achieved standard 3 at school.  His first employment position was that of a chef at the Hungry Eye Roadhouse in Dinwiddie, Germiston, where he started to work in 1993.  This business had closed down by the time the plaintiff was discharged from hospital after the collision and he has been unable to find a job since then.  The plaintiff was in general good health prior to the collision and he was not on any regular medication.  There is no previous history of an operation and the plaintiff has not previously been involved in an accident.    The plaintiff informed Dr. Marais that he also did not take part in any sporting or special recreational activities before the accident.     

[5]	 The plaintiff suffered a fracture of the maxilla or jaw facial injuries and a ruptured right globe resulting in the loss of his right eye, and a whiplash injury, as a result of the collision.  The plaintiff lost consciousness as a result of the accident.  It is accepted that the plaintiff was hospitalised for about two months.  Following upon his discharge from hospital the plaintiff did not consult any medical or paramedical practitioners.

[6]	The whiplash injury.  Dr. Marais records in his medico-legal report that the plaintiff presents with pain in the mid to lower cervical and upper thoracic spine.  In this regard he states:  
‘The neck pain occurs mainly in the lower part of the neck and the upper thoracic area.  It presents with a frequency of two sometimes three days a month.  He has noticed that pain tends to be precipitated or aggravated by inclement weather.  The pain is categorised as usually being mild, occasionally moderate.  There is no reference of symptoms into the arms.  There is reference into the trapezial areas particularly on the right side.  Mr Matladi denies that the neck pain is associated with any headache.’    

[7]	Dr. Marais examined the cervical spine of the plaintiff.  In this regard he states:  
‘Limited movements of the cervical spine were pain-free and easily performed.  More extensive movements entailing coupled and cardinal motion gave rise to discomfort and, with over pressure, mild to moderate pain.  Tenderness was present mainly in the lower cervical and trapezial areas bilaterally.’  

[8]	Radiographs of the plaintiff’s spine were done and were reported on by Dr. G M Calica on 3 August 2009.  Dr. Marais expresses the opinion that ‘[t]he salient features recorded by Dr Calica are those of degenerative change’ and that ‘[t]he radiological findings are commensurate with a person of Mr Matladi’s age and one often comes across people with such radiological changes who have no symptoms.’   

[9]	Dr. Marais expresses the following opinions relating to the plaintiff’s whiplash injury and his prognosis:
‘From an orthopaedic point of view Mr Matladi sustained a mild acceleration-deceleration connective tissue injury of the cervical spine with minimally intrusive residual symptoms.
Neck pain as well as reference into the upper thoracic area are of course the hallmark symptoms of this condition.
Although the examinee’s current symptoms are of mild intrusiveness it should be remembered that he has reached the stage of maximal medical improvement which is the point after which one anticipates no further spontaneous recovery and/or restoration of function based upon reasonable medical probability.
It should also be noted that there are no absolute criteria which allow one to predict long term outcome with certainty and certain aspects of evaluation especially imaging modalities are fraught with inadequacies in specificity, predictive value and accuracy.
Thus, if the examinee is fortunate, he will probably have mild neck symptoms for the remainder of his life.  If he is unfortunate, and bearing in mind that he suffers from a dynamic rather than a static impairment, symptoms may gradually increase in frequency and severity with the passage of time and, if he is very unlucky, they may progress to a debilitating extent over a lifetime.
There is a small risk that degenerative disc disease may be precipitated as a direct result of the accident.’

[10]	Dr. Marais is of the opinion that the plaintiff has sustained ‘minor hidden as opposed to overt damage’ to the cervical spine and that he, with reference to the method of the American Medical Association, suffers ‘... from a nominal 3 % (three percent) impairment of whole person function.’  He ‘... would probably not have required absence from work for more than 2 or 3 weeks’.  There is, in the opinion of Dr Marais, no permanent work disability in relation to the spine and he does not envisage permanent partial disability ‘... ever to exceed 5% (five percent) during Mr Matladi’s occupational lifespan.’  Dr. Marais expresses the opinion that ‘... one would have expected the accident to have caused severe pain at the outset’ and that the plaintiff, ‘... who has had a good cervical outcome, suffers from mild symptoms but he is not totally pain free.’  There is, in the opinion of Dr Marais, a ‘slight risk’ of the plaintiff’s neck symptoms increasing significantly with the passage of time. 

[11]	Dr. Marais expresses the opinion that the ‘[m]anagement of this type of case is generally of a long term conservative nature’ and that there is ‘... virtually no likelihood of Mr Matladi requiring surgical treatment to his neck as a result of the accident in question.’ 

[12]	Dr. Harold König, an opthalmologist, refers to the plaintiff’s eye injury.  The eye was eviscerated.  The plaintiff, in other words, has lost his right eye.  The plaintiff has lost all vision on the right and this has also reduced his binocular field of vision.  Patients with reduced binocular vision, in the opinion of Dr. König, tend to have more accidents, which could reduce the plaintiff’s life expectancy.  A secondary orbital implant was done in June 2008.  This extruded.  When Dr. König examined the plaintiff on 4 August 2009, he had a poor fitting ocular prosthesis.  The appearance of the right orbit, in the opinion of Dr. König, is also cosmetically unacceptable.  There is an empty socket syndrome on the right, which needs to be surgically corrected, and will involve an orbital reconstruction as well as a secondary intra-orbital implant.  There is, in the opinion of Dr. König, a 50% chance of further tissue absorption happening and consequently a repeat of the orbital reconstruction in about three to four years time.  The plaintiff will need to be fitted with a new ocular prosthesis at three to four yearly intervals.  

[13]	I should mention that Dr. Marais expressed the opinion that the plaintiff’s whiplash injury ‘... pales into virtual insignificance ...’ when inter alia the plaintiff’s total loss of vision on the right side is considered.  Prof. Lurie also states in his medico-legal report that ‘[t]he major injury was loss of the right eye.’

[14]	The occupational therapist, Ms. Helen Hamilton, states in her report	 that the plaintiff’s diminished vision through the loss of his right eye leads to loss of a visual field;  double vision;  diminished visual-perception skills including spatial relations and orientation and depth perception;  difficulty with fine co-ordination tasks;  fatigue and watering eyes with tasks requiring acute focus and concentration of the eyes;  and a concern over the cosmetic appearance of the current ocular prosthesis and the cost of a new one.   As regards his visual perceptual changes, Ms. Hamilton recommends that outpatient rehabilitation with an occupational therapist may possibly assist the plaintiff in learning to adapt to his disability.

[15]	The optometrist, Ms. Venessa Niemand, examined the plaintiff and concluded that his left eye is in perfect health and visual acuity is 6/6.  He does not require spectacles or other visual aids.  Her opinion regarding the sequelae of the loss of his right eye is stated as follows in her medico-legal report:
‘As a result of the accident Mr Matladi now does not have any normal binocular functions and will have problems with judging distances, climbing steps and driving.  According to Borrish, monocular vs binocular vision results in a 25% decrease in the size of the visual field.  Monocularity causes the absence of stereopsis from lack of comparison of retinal disparity, difficulties with eye hand coordination, clumsiness, bumping into objects.
He suffers from decreased VA because of lack of binocular summation as well as impairment in spatial orientation from lack of kinaesthetic cues arising from convergence and accommodation.’	   

[16]	The plaintiff required maxillo-facial and dental surgery as a result of the fracture of his maxilla or jaw that he had sustained in the collision.  It appears from the medico-legal reports of Dr. Marais, of Ms. Hamilton and of Dr. Kellerman that the plaintiff suffers from residual pain in the jaw.

[17]	Both counsel referred me to past awards compiled by Corbett and Buchanan or by Corbett & Honey:  The Quantum of Damages in Bodily Injury and Fatal Injury Cases.  The plaintiff’s counsel referred me to Southgate v Road Accident Fund, Laubscher and Another v Commercial Union Assurance Co. of S.A. Ltd (1) (ECD),  Prosser NO v Commercial Union Insurance Company of S.A. Ltd (WLD), Mthembu v Minister of Law & Order (DCLD), and to Mdunge v Multilateral Motor Vehicle Accidents Fund (NPD).  The defendant’s counsel referred me to Mabatapasi v John (ZHC) and to Botha v Santam Beperk (TPD). 

[18]	It will serve no useful purpose to discuss each previous award in any more detail and to elaborate on the differences and similarities of each of those cases.  They, on the facts and circumstances of this case, provided a general and useful yardstick that assisted me in arriving at an award ‘... not substantially out of general accord with previous awards in broadly similar cases.’    

[19]	In arriving at the conclusion that an amount of R210, 000.00 would be a fair award for the plaintiff’s general damages, I took into account all the circumstances of this case, the awards made in the past, and the decreasing value of money.

P.A.  MEYER
JUDGE OF THE HIGH COURT

10 June 2010