THE MONASTERY DIAMOND MINING CORPN (PTY) LTD APPELLANT
and
FRANS JOHANNES VON MALTITZ SCHIMPER	1st RESPONDENT
MARGARETHA ENGELA SCHIMPER	2nd RESPONDENT
THE MINISTER OF MINERAL & ENERGY AFFAIRS 3rd RESPONDENT

CASE NO. 144/85
/ccc
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
(APPELLATE DIVISION)
In the matter between
THE MONASTERY DIAMOND MINING CORPORATION APPELLANT (PROPRIETARY) LIMITED
and
FRANS JOHANNES VON MALTITZ SCHIMPER	1st RESPONDENT
MARGARETHA ENGELA SCHIMPER	2nd RESPONDENT
THE MINISTER OF MINERAL & ENERGY AFFAIRS 3rd RESPONDENT
CORAM: RABIE CJ, JANSEN, JOUBERT, JJA et BOSHOFF, NESTADT AJJA
HEARD: 19 AUGUST 1986
DELIVERED: 17 SEPTEMBER 1986
JUDGMENT
NESTADT/........

NESTADT, AJA:
Only issues of costs fall to be de-
cided in this appeal. They concern orders made in
certain motion proceedings brought by first and second
respondents against appellant in the Orange Free State
Provincial Division and, on appeal, to the full bench
thereof.
The judgment of the court a quo has
been reported (see The Monastery Diamond Mining Corpo-
ration (Edms) Bpk vs Schimper en Andere 1983(3) S A
538 (0)). It details the facts giving rise to the
dispute between, the parties and the course the litigation
between them took. However, for the sake of convenience
1/......

3.
I summarise, in simplified form, that which is relevant to a proper understanding of the proceedings before this court. Respondents (being son and mother, and to whom I refer as "the Schimpers") are respectively the owner and usufructuary of a farm in the district of Marquard. Appellant ("the company") is, in terms of a notarial deed of lease entered into in 1966 with the Schimpers' predecessors in title, the lessee of the mineral rights thereto. As such, it is entitled to mine for minerals "subject to such restrictions as may be imposed by any law in regard to such mining". Since then it has., by prospecting and mining for diamonds, actively been engaged in exploiting its rights on two adjacent, fenced-
off/ 	

4.
off parts of the farm, namely, the so-called mining and
servitude areas. Permission to extend to the latter
had been granted the company by the Schimpers in 1979
consequent upon the conclusion between them of a
written agreement (referred to in the papers as Annexure
H). Clause 1 thereof authorised the company to estab-
lish there "verdere uitbreidings tot die bestaande myn-
aanleg ... en, in besonder ... 'n vergruisingsaanleg,
herwinningsaanleg en kantoorgeboue ... asook om op ge-
melde gebied mynuitskot vanuit die mynarea op te hoop
en te versamel." A feature of the farm is a furrow
which runs across the lands and carries storm water
from/.....

5.
from its catchment area to a dam situated on the eastern side of the two areas referred to. A portion of it traversed a small segment of the mining area. In about March 1981 the company caused overburden, and tailings from its mining operations to be dumped on this part of the furrow so that it was covered up and the flow of water to the dam entirely cut off. This, according to the Schimpers, would have caused them grave prejudice. In due course, the dam, no longer having a supply of water, would become empty and their farming activities would thereby be adversely affected. In addition, there was a danger of flooding and consequent damage to their farm
buildings/ 	

6.
buildings occurring in the vicinity of the obstruction.
They reacted to what the company had done by instructing
their attorneys to write a letter to it. This was done
on 21st April 1981. It demanded an immediate under-
taking that the dump be removed by September 1981, being
the anticipated commencement of the next rainy season.
The reply on behalf of the company (by letter from its
attorneys dated 24th April 1981, the terms whereof are
quoted at 540 H - 541 F of the reported judgment) was
a firm refusal to comply or even desist from continuing
to dump in the furrow. It went further. It warned
the Schimpers that the company urgently required three
additional defined areas of farm land, comprising approxi-
mately/.....

7.
mately 33 hectares, for dumping and "ander myn-bedrywighede". These, it was envisaged, would take place within the next two years and involved inter alia the construction of a hostel, a workshop, a slimes dam, storerooms and a parking area (for vehicles and equipment). Though not stated in the letter, the company's right to act in this way purported to be based on what has been referred to as an extra-statutory permission (buite-statutêre vergunning). It had been granted to the company by the mining commissioner at Welkom on 28th February 1980. Its terms appear at 547 A - H of the reported judgment.
It was against the background of this
clash/ 	

8.
clash of interests between the parties that the Schimpers,
by notice of motion dated 15th May 1981, sought two main
orders against the company.(both to operate on an interim
basis pending the outcome of an action claiming permanent
relief in similar terms). One, in terms of prayer 1 (a)
thereof, was a mandamus that it remove the obstruction to
the water furrow. In support hereof their founding
affidavits alleged that the company was not entitled
to interfere with it as had been done. The other, in
terms of prayer l(b), was for an interdict, in effect,
restraining the company from carrying out its threat
to extend its mining pursuits beyond the mining and
servitude areas. The case made out here was that
if/......

9.
if this took place their farming operations would be seriously impaired; they would, as a result, suffer irreparable damage in a number of particularised respects . The company, it was alleged, was prohibited from doing what it contemplated, firstly, because the intent and effect of annexure H was to restrict the mining activities therein referred to, to the areas in question, and secondly, because the extra-statutory permission (on which, as I have said, the company relied) was invalid. Accordingly, two forms of relief (respectively founded on the above-mentioned causes of action) were claimed, namely that, outside the mining and servitude areas, the company be restrained from
(i)/ 	

10.
( i) dumping or erecting a crushing or recovery plant or offices (prayer l(b)(i)) and (ii) mining (as opposed to prospecting) in terms of the Precious Stones Act, 73 of 1964 (prayer l(b)(ii)). Costs of the application were sought. The verbatim terms of the prayers are set out at 539 D - 540 A of the reported judgment.
The company opposed the application.
In its answering affidavits it is stated that neither the furrow nor the dam is of much practical use to the Schimpers in their farming operations. Besides, whereas it would cost thousands of rands to remove the obstruction, it would be a simple and inexpensive
matter/ 	

11.
matter for the Schimpers themselves to by-pass that
part of the furrow in the mining area. This, the
company, without prejudice to its contention that
it was entitled to dump as it had done, in order to
effectively prospect and mine, tendered to do itself.
Its proposed mining activities, beyond the mining and
servitude areas, were defended on the basis that the
notarial lease granted it the right to mine over the
whole property; annexure H was not intended to and
did not derogate therefrom; the extra-statutory per-
mission was valid. Even if it did not have a clear
right in this regard, the balance of convenience favoured
the company being allowed to extend its operations in
the/.....

12.
the manner contemplated. In a counter-application,
an order was sought, pendente lite, that it be granted
leave to dump and erect a slimes dam and labour
compound in the areas beyond the mining and servitude
ones. In a supporting affidavit a Mr Cooper, the
company's attorney, deposed to a conversation he had
on 29th June 1981 with the mining commissioner con-
cerning the circumstances under which the extra-sta-
tutory permission was issued.
The matter came before Erasmus J
on 27th August 1981. By this time, the Schimpers
having filed a replying affidavit (in which inter
alia the diversion of the furrow pursuant to the
company's/.....

13.
company's tender was accepted as a temporary measure)
the record comprised some 450 pages. For a number of reasons
which it is unnecessary to canvass, prayer 1(a) of the
notice of motion (the claim to a mandamus in respect
of the furrow) was refused. However, (permanent)
interdicts in terms of prayer l(b)(i) and (ii) (the
latter in a slightly amended form) were granted. The
former, as I understand it, was on the basis that annexure
H only afforded the company the right to prospect;
the latter because, so it was held, the extra-statutory
permission was invalid. The reason for the relief
being permanent and not interim, as originally claimed,
is given as follows:
"The/.....

14.
"The applicants therefore have in this application proved successfully not only that they have a clear right but also that they are entitled to a permanent interdict.
As my findings on prayer (b) are based on the interpretation of Annexure H and the Act, and purely legal findings, there appears to be no reason why I should not at this stage grant a permanent interdict, under the heading 'alternative relief1 and perhaps save the Applicants the necessity of instituting the action they are contemplating . Cf. Fourie v Olivier 1971(3) S A 274 (T)
The counter-application was dismissed. As to costs it was stated:
"Notwithstanding the fact that prayer
(a) of the application cannot succeed
the Applicants have met with sub
stantial/ 	

15.
stantial success and they are in my judgment entitled to the costs of these proceedings."
It was so ordered. (For the exact terms of the order see 542 A - C of the reported judgment). In addition, on the application of the Schimpers, Cooper's affidavit was struck out with costs. (The judgment on this aspect has been reported; see Schimper and Another vs Monastery Diamond Mining Corporation (Pty) Ltd and Another 1982 (1) S A 612 (0)).
The company appealed against the whole
of the order (save, of course, for the refusal of
prayer 1 (a)). As appears from the judgment of the
court/......

16.
court a quo, it was partially successful. Essentially,
(the order is not entirely clear) what it achieved
was (i) the alteration of the award of costs to one
that the company pay 90% thereof (rather than all the
costs as the court of first instance had directed),
and (ii) the. setting aside of the interdict granted
in terms of prayer l(b)(i). However, the appeal
against the interdict granted in terms of prayer
l(b)(ii), the refusal of the counter-application and
the striking out of Cooper's affidavit failed. The
costs of appeal were apportioned 40 : 60 against the
company. Still feeling aggrieved, it sought and was
granted leave to appeal by the full bench (though
unfortunately/......

17.
unfortunately without any recorded reasons therefor
or definition of the issues).
Before us, the first and main attack
by Mr Maritz, on behalf of the company, was directed
against the order of costs of the application (which.
as I say, was altered to 90 : 10 against it). The
submission here was that it was still inequitable and
should be interfered with so that: (i) 30% of the costs
(being those in respect of prayer l(a), i e, the furrow
issue) be paid by the Schimpers; (ii) a further 30%
(in respect of prayer 1 (b)(i), i e, the annexure H, issue)
be similarly borne, alternatively that they be costs
in the cause; (iii) the balance of the costs of the
application/.....

18.
application (relating to prayer l(b)(ii), i e, the extra-statutory permission issue) be costs in the cause. Secondly, so it was argued, the court a. quo should have awarded the company all its costs of appeal (rather than just 40% thereof).
In order to properly evaluate the
argument relating to the costs of the application and before dealing with it in more detail, it is, I think, necessary to determine the court a quo's reasons for making the order it did. It is plain, from what is stated at 543 G - 544 A, that the furrow issue was held to be a separate and divisible one and that the company, having been the successful party in relation
to/	

19.
to it, was entitled to its costs. Not so clear is
whether this constituted the sole justification for
the (slight) adjustment of the original order. As
I read the judgment, and especially the passages at
550 H and 551 A, it does; in other words the costs in
respect of the other two issues (i e raised by prayers
1(b)(i) and (ii)) were awarded to the Schimpers in their
entirety (because, so it was held - see 551 A - B -
they were substantially successful).
On this basis, and in relation to the
costs awarded in respect of prayer l(a) (being the first
issue with which I deal), the question that arises is
whether the court a quo's apportionment of only 10% of
the total costs was too little. In submitting the
affirmative/.....

20.
affirmative and, as indicated, that it should have been 30%, counsel (before us, though, significantly, not in his heads of argument) contended that the notice of motion was founded on the furrow issue; a good proportion of the three sets of affidavits was devoted to it; and that it even led to an inspection in loco being held by Erasmus J. To begin with, I have some doubt as to the correctness of the premise on which the argument is based , namely, the refusal of prayer 1(a). It is, however, in the absence of a cross-appeal, impermissible to explore this. Even so, and despite not having the benefit of knowing how the court a quo arrived at the apportionment it did, I am of the
opinion/ 	

21.
opinion that there is no warrant for interfering
with the 90 : 10 allocation. The onus was on the
company to satisfy us in this regard (Katz N O vs
Marine & Trade Insurance Co. Ltd 1980(1) S A 497{A)at
502 E). Whilst the obstruction of the furrow was
the first issue dealt with in the application, it was
by no means the main one. My impression of the papers
is that it is only a relatively small part thereof
that is concerned exclusively with prayer l(a). For
the rest, they deal with matters relevant only to prayer
l(b) or common to both. I do not, in the circumstances,
believe that, but for the furrow issue, the costs
would have been substantially less. The company
itself/......

22.
itself made the point, in its answering affidavits,
that, in relation to it, the Schimpers were making
"a mountain out of a molehill" and that it was of
"minor" importance. In any event, it was the company
which, despite this attitude, went to considerable
(and I would add unnecessary) lengths to deal with it
In view of the company's tender and its acceptance
by the Schimpers, very little time could have been
devoted to the furrow issue in argument. Not only
was the inspection at its instance, but the request
(contained in its affidavits) that it be held was
also motivated by its desire that the court should
observe matters relevant to prayer 1 (b) . In the
very/......

23.
very nature of things a precise assessment by the
court a quo of what the apportionment should be
was not possible; it had to make an estimate which
would achieve substantial and practical justice between
the parties (Gentiruco A G vs Firestone S A (Pty) Ltd
1972 (1) S A 589(A) at 672 H - 673 A). Perhaps an
award slightly more in favour of the company would
not have been out of place but I am not persuaded
that the object referred to was not attained.
I turn to the argument concerning
the costs of prayer 1(b)(i). The full bench set
aside the interdict granted in terms thereof because
there was a factual dispute about the meaning of
annexure/.....

24.
annexure H and this could only be resolved by oral
evidence; accordingly, contrary to what Erasmus J
had held, the principle of Fourie v Olivier (supra),
namely, that, where in an application for an
interdict the decision rests on a point of law,
a final interdict can be granted under the claim for
alternative relief, was not applicable.(see 546 A - B)
At the same time, however, on the basis that the balance
of convenience was in favour of the Schimpers, they
were held (at 546 H) entitled to interim relief.
The only reason why this was not, in the result.
granted, was because (as appears from 546 fin and
551 B - C) counsel for the Schimpers stated,during
the/.....

25.
the hearing of the appeal, that it was no longer
sought.
It is in the light of the afore-
going that the submission that the company should
have been awarded the costs of this issue (which, as
I have said, was suggested as being 30% of the total),
alternatively that they should have been ordered to be
costs in the cause, must be considered. The former
rested on the proposition that, seeing that the relief
in question had been abandoned, all the costs in-
curred in connection therewith, had been wasted and
that the Schimpers, being responsible therefor, ought
to pay them. The basis of the latter was that at
worst/.....

26.
worst for the company the principle usually applicable
to the grant of interim relief, namely, that costs
be in the cause (as to which see E M S Belting Co of
S A (Pty) Ltd & Others vs Lloyd and Another, 1983(1)
S A 641 (E) ) should have been followed. In either event,
so it was said, the court a quo had misdirected itself
by, in effect, linking the costs of this issue to the
outcome of prayer 1(b ) (ii) and, in the result,awarding
them to the Schimpers.
In my view, both must be rejected.
They are obviously based on the general rule that
where issues are separate and distinct, each carries
its own costs (Cilliers, Law of Costs, 2nd ed para 2.14
p 15)/.....

27.
p 15). In the words of Gardiner ATP in Union Share Agency and Investment Ltd vs Green 1926 CPD 129 at .141:
"The victor had no right to make defeat unnecessarily expensive for the vanquished, and if he has not been content to rely on a good point, but has added to the expense by raising weak issues, he should bear the additional expense to which his adversary has been put."
The rule, however, is not an invariable or unqualified one. Thus, it has been held, that where there is a main claim and an alternative claim, and the applicant or plaintiff succeeds on the main claim, the successful party should receive the whole of the costs (Jenkins vs S A Boiler Makers, Iron and Steel
Workers/ 	

28.
Workers and Ship Builders Society, 1946 W L D 15). To similar effect are the following remarks of Galgut J, as he then was, in Transvaal and Orange Free State Chamber of Mines vs General Electric Co 1967 (2) S A 32 (T) at 72 A, namely:
"I hasten to say that it can never be a rule that a successful party who fails on some of the issues raised in his pleadings should be deprived of his costs on those issues. Generally speaking a successful party should be awarded all his costs. Each case will, however, be decided on its own facts."
It seems to me that those in the present matter were not such as to warrant the Schimpers being deprived of the costs under consideration." In their replying
affidavits/ 	

29.
affidavits they made it clear that they primarily
relied on the invalidity of the extra-statutory per-
mission (though they also contended that annexure H
had the contractual effect of confining the company's
mining activities to the fenced-off area). And the
matter obviously proceeded to argument on that basis.
In any event, though they may have been over-cautious,
it was not unreasonable for them to have, so to speak,
a second string to their bow ("a belt and braces" form
of relief as counsel for the Schimpers described it -
although he did not explain into which of these categories the
two causes of action respectively fell). Even then,
if the Schimpers be regarded as having failed on prayer l(b)(i),
(a /.......

30.
(a matter I deal with shortly), it would, in my view, be wrong, in the circumstances, where they have succeeded on prayer 1 (b)(ii), to penalise them by awarding the costs of the former to the company.
A second reason for not acceding to the argument under consideration is the allied rule that where
a number of issues, even though technically separate:
"had to be raised in order to lead evidence so as to enable the trial Judge to give a correct judgment upon the issue on which the litigant succeeds, then there must be some exceptional reason for not adopting the general principle that the successful litigant is entitled to all his costs."
(per Wessels, CJ in Penny v Walker 1936 (A D) 241 at 260). In other words, where all the evidence is relevant to
give a complete picture of the whole affair, the
general/ 	

31.
general principle that the overall successful litigant is entitled to his costs, will usually be adopted. (May vs Union Government 1954(3) S A 120 (N) at 132 F - G; see too, the General Electric Co case, (supra) at 72 A - B) A fortiori would the same apply where the issues are interwoven or closely connected. Here, too, the court is reluctant to make separate awards of costs on each issue (Cilliers para 2.16 p 17). In casu, it is true, as pointed out by Mr Maritz, that the full bench held:
"'n Groot deel van die aansoek het beedigde verklarings van verskillende persone bevat oor die omstandighede waaronder aanhangsel 'H' aangegaan is sowel as die beweerde gemeenskaplike
bedoeling/ 	

32.
bedoeling van die partye."
(545 (F) ) . It also rejected an argument that annexure H had been referred to merely "as deel van die geskiedenis en om openhartig met die Hof te wees sodat, indien sy beswaar teen die geldigheid van die buite-statutêre ver-gunning sou slaag, respondente nie die appellant se regte in die myn- en serwituutarea sou aantas nie." (546 B - C) in the following terms:
"Indien dit die bedoeling was, kon hierdie feite kortliks in die stukke genoem gewees het en smeekbede l(b)(ii) kon so ingeklee gewees het dat gemelde areas die trefkrag van hierdie smeekbede uitgesluit het.
Instede daarvan het respondente die be-werings rakende die myn- en serwituut-areas soos in bewysstuk 'H' vervat 'n
afsonderlike/ 	

33.
afsonderlike smeekbede gemaak wat buitengewone lang beëdigde ver-klarings deur verskeie persone aan die kant van appellant ontlok het en waarop respondente weer breed-voerig geantwoord het."
(5 46 C - D). This, however, is not inconsistent with the clear impression that is to be gained that the facts of each cause of action (on which prayers 1 (b)(i) and (ii) were respectively based) were so interrelated as to justify a composite order for costs. A line cannot readily be drawn between them. Moreover, both were directed to a single end, i e,to ward off the threatened extension of the company's mining activities on the Schimpers' farm. The substantial
dispute/ 	

34
dispute was its right to do this. The company itself,
in its affidavits, acknowledged this. Annexure H, and
the circumstances in which it was entered into, formed
an integral and thus' relevant part of the events which
culminated in the launching of the application. I am,
with respect, unable to agree with the court a quo's
criticism of the Schimpers for setting them out. It
may be that in doing this, they were too prolix. But
the company was not found wanting in this respect; it
was, at least, equally to blame. In any event, this
factor ought not,and apparently did not, affect the
approach, inherent in the judgment of the full court,
that the fate of the costs of prayer 1 (b)(i) should
be/......

35.
be tied to, and be determined by, the outcome of prayer
1 (b)(ii).
There is a third reason, as far as
the main argument is concerned, for it failing. It
proceeds on the assumption that the company be re-
garded as the successful party. I do not think that
this was the effect of the waiver, on behalf of the
Schimpers, of their (ex hypothesi) right to an
(interim) interdict. It was not an admission of de-
feat. It was dictated by practical considerations. Once
they had the protection of a permanent interdict, in terms
of prayer 1 (b)(ii) , an interim interdict under prayer 1 (b) (i)
became redundant. Indeed, its grant would have led to
the/......

36.
the incongruous situation of an action having to be
instituted for a permanent interdict when the latter
had already been ordered. In the result, this course
has been avoided.
This brings me to that part of the appeal
concerning the award of costs of the interdict granted
in terms of prayer l(b)(ii). The court a quo (especially
at 546 fin - 549 F), endorsed the finding of Erasmus J
that the extra-statutory permission was invalid and that
the company therefore had no right to extend its mining
activities over the farm as a whole. There apparently
being no alternative argument that, in any event; only
interim relief should have been granted, the appeal
against/......

37.
against this part of the judgment of the court of
first instance was, as I have said, dismissed. Before
us, however, the submission was that a final interdict
was not justified; the principle of Fourie vs Olivier
(supra) should not have been applied; oral evidence
might be available and was receivable to interpret
Act 73 of 1964 and in particular to show that, in practice,
the Act was construed in accordance with the company's
contentions (as advanced in and referred to by the
court a. quo) and that what the company was engaging in,
and what the extra-statutory permission related to, was
merely prospecting and not mining; accordingly, only
an interim interdict should have been granted; costs
should/.....

38.
should thus have been in the cause.
The initial problem that I have with
this argument is that, somewhat paradoxically, counsel
did not ask, or at least press, that the permanent in-
terdict, under prayer 1(b)(ii) be set aside. I am
not sure that this does not per se preclude the point
now taken. This aside, however, it has, in my view,
no merit. No doubt, the principle of Fourie vs Olivier
(supra) (the correctness whereof was queried in Du Plessis
v Administrateur-Generaal SWA en Andere 1980(2) S A 35(SWA)
at 42, but followed in South West African Peoples
Democratic United Front en 'n Ander v Administrateur-
Generaal, Suidwes-Afrika, en Andere 1981(2) S A 570(SWA)
at 577/.....

39
at 577)) has to be applied with circumspection.
Indeed, as counsel told us, on appeal in that matter,
the full bench of the Transvaal (whose judgment is not
reported), holding that oral evidence of the circumstances
surrounding the entering into of the agreement there in
issue, and on the basis of which the interdict had been
granted, might be relevant to its interpretation, sub-
stituted an interim order. Here, the position is other-
wise. The whole tenour of the company's own allega-
tions is that what the extra-statutory permission autho-
rised it to do, and what it was proposing to do in terms
thereof, was to extend its mining activities. The
principle relied on by Mr Maritz, namely, that it may
be/.....

40.
be permissible to look at the manner in which a
statute is applied and understood in practice,
in order to interpret it (as to which see Steyn, Die
Uitleg van Wette, 5th ed, 157-9), does not avail him.
An essential prerequisite to its application is that
the legislation be unclear or ambiguous. It was not
submitted that Act 73 of 1964 was in this way defective
in any relevant respect. My conclusion is that both
courts were fully entitled to grant a final interdict
on prayer 1 (b) (ii) and, with it, the costs thereof
(including, for the reasons given, those incurred in
respect of prayer l(b)(i)).
To sum up thus far, I am of the opinion
that/.....

41.
that there is no reason to disturb the court a quo's
award of 90% of the costs of the application to the
Schimpers, and that the appeal against it must fail.
On a broad and robust view of the matter, this is a
fair result. It was the company that initiated the
dispute by blocking the furrow and threatening to
extend its mining activities. It, through its attorneys!
uncompromising letter of 24th April 1981, prompted, and
indeed, instigated the application. To their credit
the Schimpers resisted the request to bring it urgently
The outcome thereof was, for all practical purposes,
the re-instatement of the furrow and, through the grant
of/......

42.
of prayer l(b)(ii),the curtailment of the company's
activities to the fenced-off area. By and large
then, the proceedings that gave rise to the orders
for costs, now in issue, terminated in favour of the
Schimpers. Seeing they were originally seeking only
interim relief, they should not have claimed the costs
of the application in their notice of motion, but, in
the light of the ultimate, justifiable grant of a
permanent interdict in terms of prayer l(b)(ii), this
mattered not.
The complaint that the costs of appeal
in the court below should not have been apportioned,
can be briefly dealt with. There is a general rule
that/......

43.
that an appellant who succeeds in having the judg-
ment substantially altered in his favour, is entitled
to the costs of appeal to an extent dependent on the
circumstances of the case (Mahomed v Nagdee 1952(1)
S A 410(A) at 420.E), . It is apparent (from 551 "C - D
of the reported judgment) that the approach of the court
a quo was that it did not apply because the company was
not substantially successful. In my view, no fault can
be found with this, or with the decision, in the circum-
stances, to apportion the costs of appeal, or with the
percentage thereof. The appeal against the judgment
of Erasmus, J, was an all-embracing one. Whilst it
succeeded to the extent that the award of costs of
the/.....

44.
the application against it was reduced to 9O% thereof, and the permanent interdict, in terms of prayer 1 (b)(i), was, in substance, altered to an interim one, it failed in major respects. The appeals against the grant of prayer 1 (b)(ii), the dismissal of the counter-application and the striking out of Cooper's affidavit, were dismissed . In the result, therefore, the company remained permanently restrained from proceeding with its proposed mining activities; what was achieved by it, on appeal, was insubstantial. In appeals against costs, the question is whether there was an improper exercise of judicial discretion by the court whose order is brought into question, (Ward v Sulzer 1973(3) S A (A) 701 at 707 A). I am satisfied there was not.
in/ 	

45
In a recent notice (dated 28th
November 1985) the Schimpers made certain formal
concessions in favour of the company. . These in-
cluded the amendment of the order for costs of the
application, so that the apportionment, in their
favour, be reduced to 80 : 20; and the alteration
of the order, on the application for leave to appeal.
from one that the costs thereof be costs in the cause.
to one that the company be awarded 30% thereof, the
balance to be costs in the cause. These are to be
construed as a pro tanto and unconditional abandonment
of the original orders, and not merely as tenders,
so to do. No acceptance thereof by the company was
therefore/.....

46.
therefore necessary. Presumably, they were made ex abundanti cautela with a view to safeguarding the Schimpers' costs in this court. In the view taken, that was not necessary. However, for the reasons stated, they must be given effect to. Certain aspects of the order of the court a quo need clarification, or correction. These, too, I propose to incorporate in the re-drafted order, which follows.
The result is that the following composite order is made: (A) The order of Erasmus J is altered to read:
(1) Prayer l(a) of the notice of motion is refused ;
2./ 	

47.
(2) No order is made on prayer 1 (b) (i) thereof;
(3) In regard to prayer 1 (b)(ii), a permanent
interdict is granted, restraining the first
respondent from carrying on mining, as opposed
to prospecting operations in terms of the Precious
Stones Act 73 of 1964, under the authority of the
so-called extra-statutory permission (referred to
in the application) outside the mine and servitude
areas (as described in the first applicant's
founding affidavit) of the farm "The Monastery"
in the district of Marquard, prior to the procla-
mation of a mine thereon in terms of the said
Act.
(4)/........

48.
(4 ) First respondent's counter-application is refused;
 (5)	The affidavit of Peter Gordon Leith Cooper is struck out with costs;
 (6)	First respondent is to pay 80% of the applicants1. costs of the application, and applicants are to * pay 20% of first respondent's costs thereof.

 (B)	As ordered by the court a quo, the appellant, (i e the company) is to pay 60% of the costs of appeal thereto, and the first and second respondents (the Schimpers) are to pay 40% of the appellant's costs thereof.
 (C)	The first and second respondents are to pay 30% of the appellant's costs of its application for leave
to/ 	

49.
to appeal to this court; the balance of the costs of
that application are to be costs in the appeal.
(D) The appeal to this court is dismissed with costs
NESTADT, AJA

RABIE, CJ ) JANSEN, JA )
JOUBERT, JA )
)
BOSHOFF, AJA)

CONCUR