CASE NO. 189/90
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA APPELLATE DIVISION
In the matter between:
HIPPO QUARRIES (TRANSVAAL) (PTY) LIMITED Appellant
and
KEITH EARDLEY	Respondent
CORAM:	JOUBERT, MESTADT, NIENABER JJA
et PREISS, KRIEGLER AJJA
DATE HEARD:	12 NOVEMBER 1991
DATE DELIVERED:	28 NOVEMBER 1991

JUDGMENT
NIENABER JA:
The issue is whether a document, ostensibly the cession of a trading debt from one associated company to another, was in truth a cession or a sham.
Hippo Quarries (Pty) Ltd ("Hippo") and Hippo Quarries (TransvaaI)(Pty) Ltd (now the appellant and the plaintiff in the court below) are subsidiaries of the same holding company. At all material times the plaintiff has been dormant though not defunct. Hippo, on the other hand, has been trading actively. Its business consisted, in the words of a former director of both companies, Allen Jones, "of manufacturing and supplying aggregates to the construction and other civil industries." Rietfontein Sand and Stone (Pty) Ltd ("Rietfontein") bought, sold and transported building materials. It was a customer of Hippo. Its directors were Keith Eardley and his wife Sandra Margot Eardley. Keith Eardley was the defendant in the court below and is the present respondent. I shall refer to him as the defendant.

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On 7 May 1984 the defendant signed a printed
form in which he bound himself as surety and
co-principal debtor for the payment of the debts of
Rietfonteln. The suretyship, surprisingly, was not in
favour of Hippo, the company with which Rietfontein was
trading, but in favour of the plalntiff	
"...for the due payment on demand by the debtor of all and any monies which the debtor may now or from time to tlme hereafter owe to the creditor from whatsoever cause and howsoever arising and whether as principal debtor, guarantor, or otherwise, and whether severally or jointly or trading alone or in partnership or under any other name, as well as for the due and punctual performance and discharge by the debtor of his obllgatlons under any and all contracts or agreements now or hereafter entered into by the debtor wlth the creditor."
On 24 September 1986 the defendant completed
and signed a further document, termed "Application for
Credlt" on behalf of Rietfontein, clause 20.10 of which
reads as follows:
"In the event of the customer being a company, the person whose signature appears on the contract as representing the company, hereby specifically binds himself as surety and co-principal debtor for payment of all monies whlch may now or in the future be due and owing by the customer to the company."

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On this occasion the document was executed in favour of "Constone Reef (Pty) Ltd, trading as 'Hippo Quarries'". Constone Reef (Pty) Ltd had by then changed its name to Hippo Quarrles (Pty) Ltd ie Hippo.
The position, then, was that by 1987 the plaintiff and Hippo each held a deed of suretyship in which the defendant assumed liability for the future indebtedness of Rietfontein, howsoever arislng.
Such indebtedness arose during 1987. Hippo sold and supplied goods to Rietfontein to the value of R71 257,14.
On 19 May 1987 Rietfontein was placed in final liquidation.
On 27 May 1987 Hippo instituted action against Rietfontein, as debtor, and the defendant, as surety, for payment of the amount of R71 257,14. The action against the defendant was based on the suretyship agreement which the defendant had signed on 4 May 1984. When it eventually dawned on Hippo that that suretyship was not drawn in its favour but in favour of the plaintiff, the actlon was withdrawn with

4
a tender of costs. It was then resolved, on legal
advice, and after a review of the optlons open to them,
that the plaintiff rather than Hippo would take the
initiative in recovering Rietfontein's debt from the
defendant; and that to enable the plaintiff to do so
Hippo would cede its claim agalnst Rietfontein to the
plaintiff "for collection".
This happened on 14 October 1987. The
cession read as follows:
"CESSION
HIPPO QUARRIES (PROPRIETARY) LIKITED hereby
cedes, assigns and makes over to HIPPO
QUARRIES (TRANSVAAL) (PROPRIETARY) LIMITED
all its rights, title and interests in and to
its claim against Rietfontein Sand and Stone
(Proprletary) Limited in the sum of
R71 257.14.
Being in respect of goods sold and delivered
by HIPPO QUARRIES (PROPRIETARY) LIMITED
during 1987."
Jones, to whom reference was made earlier, signed the document on behalf of both cedent and cessionary. Rietfontein and the defendant were duly advlsed of the cession.
The plaintiff thereupon instituted the present action against the defendant in the

5
Witwatersrand Local Division. It relied on two causes of action: firstly, on the suretyship which the defendant completed in its favour and which, so it was alleged, was activated by the cession of the claim; alternatively, on clause 20.10 of the document the defendant completed in Hippo's favour and the benefit of which, so it was alleged, passed to the plaintiff conjointly with the cession of the claim.
Both causes of action failed. The court a quo (M J Strydom J) held that no true cession was intended and that the so-called cesslon was a mere pretext to enable the plaintiff to recover a debt on behalf of Hippo which Hippo itself was unable to recover. The plaintiff's claim was accordingly dismissed with costs. An application for leave to appeal to this court was, however, granted. Hence this appeal.
Jones was called by the plaintiff. He was
the only witnëss to give evidence on elther side. He
testified as follows:
"And what would be the position should you be successful in this actlon, where would that
money go?	The money would go into Hippo
Quarries Transvaal, which would then pay off

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its inter company account with Hlppo Quarries (Pty) Limited.
So it will just, the money will
eventually end up with Hippo Quarries? 	 It
would flow through indeed, yes.
So that Hippo Transvaal is nothing but a conduit to get the money back to Hippo
Quarries (Pty) Limited? 	
That is correct."
And again:
"And you will see that it says it was noted
that Hippo Quarries (Pty) Limited had
supplied certaln crushed aggregate to
Rietfontein Sand and Stone (Pty) Limited for
a consideratlon of R71 275,14 and then (2) it
says that Hippo wished to cede this debt to
the company, in other words to Hippo
Transvaal for collection?	 Ja.
Is that correct? 	 That is correct.
Is that indeed what was decided, I see
that you signed at the bottom there? 	 Ja.
Once again, Mr Jones, this confirms what you told me yesterday that thls was a cession purely to enable Hippo Transvaal to collect
the debt owing to Hippo, is that correct? 	
That is correct."
These passages, so it was held, demonstrated that Hippo's right" of action against Rietfontein never vested in the plaintiff; the plaintiff's function was simply to collect the debt on Hippo's behalf, and, in the words of the court below,

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"...that the transaction's real character had been concealed and that it had been dlsguised to resemble a cession instead so that Hippo Quarries (Pty) Limited, using plaintiff as its instrument, might sue defendant and recover from him, on its behalf, the amount of R71 257,14." That finding in effect disposed of both
causes of action: the first, based on the suretyship
executed in favour of the plaintiff, because debt and
suretyship, failing cession, had never been grasped in
one hand; and the alternatlve cause of action, based on
clause 20.10, because debt and suretyship, faillng
cession, had never passed to the plaintiff.
The cession was thus an essential link in the plaintiff's case against the defendant. The plaintlff had to prove its authenticity. It did so by producing an apparently regular and valid written cession. The evidentlary burden thereupon shifted to the defendant to show that the document in reality was not what it seemed to be. (Skjelbreds Rederl A/S and Others v Hartless (Pty)-Ltd 1982 (2) SA 710 (A) at 733E-G.)
Cession, it is trite, is a particular method of transferring a right. The transfer is effected by means of agreement. The agreement conslsts of a

8
concurrence between the cedent's animus transferendi of the right and the cessionary's corresponding animus acquirendi. If a complete surrender of the right is not intended the transaction, however it is dressed up, is not an out-and-out cession. The aim is to discover the true intention of the parties to the disputed cession. That enquiry, like any enquiry into intention, is a purely factual one. If found to be feigned the simulation is disregarded.
Counsel for the defendant, in support of the judgment a quo, listed a number of factors which, in their cumulative effect, so it was submitted, showed that it was never intended that Hlppo's right of actlon against Rietfontein should vest in the plaintiff; that the so-called cession was, in the words of Nicholas J in Mannesmann Engineering and Tubes (Pty) Ltd v LTA Construction Ltd 1972 (3) SA 773 (W) at 775E merely "...a cloak under cover of which the plaintiff would institute action against the defendant"; and that the written cession, though not a dellberate fabrication, was accordingly not a true reflection of the parties real intention and should not be treated as if it were.

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The factors enumerated by counsel were: the plaintiff is not a trading company - it would not therefore in the normal course of events have taken cession of a claim; the plaintiff and Hippo are sister companies both represented by Jones; the debt itself was worthless and there was no prospect or intention of recovering anything from Rietfontein; the plaintiff gave no consideration for the cession; Hippo was responslble for financing the litigation; and finally, perhaps most significantly, the plaintiff obtained no beneficial interest in the outcome of the litigatlon and hence in the ceded claim, since whatever it recovered from the defendant would be credited to Hippo.
Counsel for the defendant did not contend that there was any subterfuge or dishonesty about the transaction between Hippo and the plaintiff. They were sister companies. The one was possessed of a claim against Rietfpntein and the other of a suretyship binding the defendant. The express purpose of the exercise was to tle the one to the other so that the sum owed by Rietfontein could be recovered from the

10
defendant. The cession was the knot. There was
nothlng improper about that purpose. It was a
legitimate means to a legitimate end. There is, as was
stressed by Didcott J in Bird v Lawclaims (Pty) Ltd
1976 (4) SA 726 (D) at 729F-G a
"...crucial distinction between transactions honestly arranged as authentic means to particular ends and those whlch have been dlshonestly feigned..."
That the plaintiff was a dormant company is a neutral factor; if it demonstrates anything at all, it is that the wrong suretyship printed form was used, no doubt due to a clerical error, when the defendant was asked to guarantee the debts of Rietfontein and was given the plaintiff's form instead of Hippo's. That the plaintiff and Hippo were sister companies made it easier for them to redress the error. It also explains why no consideration was given for the cession, why Jones signed on behalf of both parties and why Hippo became liable for the costs of the litigation. This was in terms of a management agreement between Hippo and all the other companies in the group, including the plaintiff, whereby the expenses of all the companies

11
were borne by Hippo. There was nothing sinister about
it.
As for the point that the plaintiff gained no	
direct benefit from the cession, counsel sought to derive support from two reported cases in particular, namely Kotsopoulos v Bilardi 1970 (2) SA 391 (C) and Skjelbreds Rederi A/S v Hartless (Pty) Ltd supra.
In Ketsopoulos v Bilardi supra, Corbett J, in
contrasting a cession of a right to monies and an
irrevocable mandate to collect them, said (at 399A-C):
"...the essential enquiry is whether the mandate granted to Walter Goldberg Trust amounted, or was equivalent to, a cession of the right to the moneys payable in terms of the Bilardi agreement; or whether it was merely a mandate irrevocable in the sense that revocation thereof might expose the principals (the plaintiff and Theodorus Kotsopoulos) to an actlon for damages. As I understand the authorities, this is really a question of intention but the hallmark of a mandate amounting to a cession is that it should give the agent an interest not merely in the exercise of his authority but in the verything vested in, or entrusted to, him by his principal (Ward v Barrett, N.O. and Another, supra at p.738). This type of mandate is sometimes spoken of as a power of attorney 'coupled with an interest' or 'a power given as security'".

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Counsel for the defendant sought to extract a principle from this dictum viz that a transaction can only have been intended as a cession if the supposed cessionary secured an additional interest or advantage for himself, beyond the mere vesting of the right in him. It was for that reason that counsel submitted that the decislon in McLachlan v Wienand 1913 TPD 191 was wrong and the one in Marsh v Van Vliet's Collection Agency 1945 TPD 24 was right.
In McLachlan's case a creditor, Wienand,
obtained cesslon from three other creditors of their
claims against a common debtor, McLachlan, to enable
him to enforce all four claims in a single action. No
consideratlon passed for the cessions, the
understanding between all the parties being that
Wienand would account to each of the others for a
proportionate share of any proceeds he happened to
recover from McLachlan. This was held to be above
board and valid. Mason J said, at 195:
"In the present case there can be no real question but that the object of all parties was a perfectly honest and legitimate one namely to minimise expense and save time and trouble. And as that object could only be carried out by making the plaintiff the owner

13
of these claims, why should not effect be given to the documents of cession in accordance with thelr tenor and the intention of the parties. The plaintiff became dominus of the claims and the money recovered; the cedents had an action in personam agalnst him for a dlstribution of what he recovered."
In Marsh v Van Vliet's Collection Agency supra the plaintiff, who carried on the business of debt collecting, took cession of a claim from a professional man against his patient. They agreed that the cessionary would account to the cedent for 75% of all monies he was able, at his own cost, to recover from the debtor. This was held to be a valid cession.
It was because the cessionary was entitled to retain part of the proceeds that counsel contended that the latter transaction was intended to be a true cession whereas the earlier one in McLachlan's case was not. And what was true for McLachlan's case, so it was submitted, is true for this one.
I disagree. The dictum in Kotsopoulos v Bilardi supra does not support counsel's reading of it. That dictum simply means that a transaction will not be a cesslon if, accordlng to its tenor, the right whlch

14
the agent is to administer or enforce does not vest in him.
A cession, otherwise valid, is in my view not assallable on the sole ground that the cessionary was to collect the debt for the ultimate benefit of the cedent. The present situatlon is of course a little more complex. Here the cession was effected not merely for collection purposes but to convert an unsecured claim in the hands of one creditor into a secured claim in the hands of another. Does it matter? That question must be reconsidered in the light of the second case cited by counsel for the defendant, Skjelbreds Rederi A/S v Hartless (Pty) Ltd supra.
In Skjelbreds' case one peregrinus (the creditor) ceded its claim against another peregrinus (the debtor) to an incola. This was to enable the incola to do what the peregrinus creditor was in law incapable of doing, namely, to attach an asset of the peregrinus debtor ad fundandam jurisdictionem. As in the present case it was agreed, though not disclosed in the document of cession, that the cessionary would account to the cedent for anything it managed to

15
recover from the debtor. This court held that the transaction was not a genuine cesslon because the partles in truth intended the incola to be a mandatory or nominee (and hence not a cessionary) of the peregrinus creditor to enforce the claim against the peregrinus debtor on the former's behalf. The attachment was accordingly set aside.
There are similarities between Skjelbreds case and the current one. There, too, the cession was intended to serve a secondary purpose for the ultimate benefit of the cedent; no consideration was given for it; and the cessionary was under a duty to account to the cedent for any proceeds recovered as a resuit thereof.
But there are also significant differences. Perhaps the most glaring one is this: in that case the ostensible cession was devised to clrcumvent a legal impediment or disabllity - a peregrinus is disqualified in law from attaching the property of another peregrinus ad fundandam jurisdictionem. (Ewing McDonald & Co Ltd v M & M Products Co 1991 (1) SA 252 (A) at 258J-259A.) In the present case there was no

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legal disability. The cession was devised to capture
Hippo's debtor in the net of the plaintiff's
suretyship. In Skjelbreds case the cession was
designed to achieve what, as a matter of law, the
cedent was unable to attaln, ie attachment; here the
cession was designed to achleve what, as a matter of
fact, the cedent was incapable of doing ie resorting to
someone else's suretyship. That this difference
coloured this court's assessment of the parties'
intention in Skjelbreds' case (cf 734A-B) also appears
from its observatlons on the two Transvaal cases
mentioned earlier, McLachlan v Wienand supra, and Marsh
v Van Vliet's Collection Agency supra. At 736G it was
said:
"I find nothing in the judgments in these cases which supports the view that an agent is entitled to enforce a claim when hls principal is, as a matter of law, not entitled to do so, but, if anything is indeed said therein which is capable of supportlng such a view, then I find myself unable to agree with it."
And agaln, at 737 C-D:
"...these cases cannot be regarded as authority for the proposition that an agent can enforce a claim when his principal is not

17 in law entitled to do so."
(I do not read these remarks, incidentally, as overruling these cases. Rather the contrary.) Another consideration which reinforced this court's impression that the cesslon in Skjelbreds' case was conceived as a
ruse
"...to escape some disability which otherwise the law would impose"
(per Innes J in Zandberg v Van Zyl 1910 AD 302 at 309), was that the parties to the cession deliberately and deslgnedly refrained from mentioning the duty to account both in the cesslon document and in the founding affldavit in support of the application for attachment (at 734F-735C).
These factors are, of course, all absent in the present case. In my view Skjelbreds' case is clearly distinguishable from the present one on the facts and to the extent that the enquiry into the intention of the parties to the cesslon is a purely factual one the reasonlng and the remarks of this court in Skjelbreds' case must be conflned to cases in which its facts are substantlally dupllcated.

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I return to the facts of this case. Jones was not cross-examined about the implications of the arrangement between Hippo and the plaintiff - about whether the plaintiff was entitled to compromise the claim, about whether the clalm would have vested in its estate in the event of the plaintiff's liquidation, and about other similar matters that could have polnted to the true intention of the parties to the cession. Those are matters that should have been explored by the defendant if he wished to override the evidentiary burden which rested on him. All that remained in his favour was the single circumstance that Jones agreed with the proposition put to him that the plaintiff was "nothing but a conduit". He made that concesslon because the whole idea was to employ the plaintiff's suretyship for Hlppo's benefit. Hippo could of course have proceeded agalnst the defendant in terms of clause 20.10 of the 1986 "applicatlon for credit". But that would have meant discarding the 1984 suretyship as a potentlal cause of action. The only way in which the latter suretyship could have been exploited was if Hippo ceded its debt against Rietfontein to the

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plaintiff. In that manner both suretyships could be harnessed against the defendant.
Notwithstanding the submission of counsel for the defendant, which he advanced at a late stage in his argument, that the arrangement between Hippo and the plaintiff was contra bonos mores, there was nothing illegal or devious about either the purpose of, or the method employed by the parties to the cession. To cede the claim because the cessionary, for whatever legitimate reason, was better poised to collect it than the cedent was not intrinsically wrong. Motive and purpose differ from intention. If the purpose of the parties is unlawful, immoral or against public policy the transaction will be ineffectual even if the intention to cede is genuine. That is a principle of law. Conversely, if their intention to cede is not genulne because the real purpose of the parties is something other than cession, thelr ostenslble transaction will likewise be ineffectual. That is because the law disregards simulation. But where, as here, the purpose is legitimate and the intention is genulne, such intention, all other things belng equal,

20
will be implemented.
That Hippo and the plaintiff, as sister companies, were not at arm's length, that no consideration passed between them for the cession, and that it was understood between them that any amount recovered by the plaintiff from the defendant would eventually be channelled to Hippo, do not, therefore, render the deallngs between the parties suspect and do not detract from the legitimacy of their exercise.
Two separate transactions are invoived, firstly, the obligationary agreement (in terms of which Hippo would cede the claim to the plaintiff and the plaintiff wouid account to Hippo), and, secondly, the cession proper. (Cf Johnson v Incorporated General Insurances Ltd 1983 (1) SA 318 (A) at 331G-H.) What the court a quo in effect did was to merge these two legal acts, separate in time and nature, into a single composite transaction which it then categorized as a disguised mandate to coliect the debt. Mandate and cession are distinct legal concepts: in the one case the mandatory, if an agent, acts in the name and on behaif of his principal in enforcing the right; he

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obtains no interest in the right itself. In the other
case the cedent is succeeded by the cessionary as the
holder of the right; and the cedent retains no interest
in the right itself. The end result may be the same in
that the proceeds are remitted to "the principal", but
in nature and structure the two types of transaction
differ fundamentally. They may of course be
interlinked - where the mandator, for instance, cedes
his right of action to the mandatory to enable the
latter to enforce the debt qua cessionary. (Cf Marsh v
Van Vliet's Collection Agency supra, at 30-31.) As it
was expressed by Didcott J in Bird v Lawclaims (Pty)
Ltd supra, at 730C,
"...the relationship between agent and prlncipal does not necessarily exclude, but may co-exist with and overlap, the
association between cessionary and cedent."
In my view none of the considerations mentioned by counsel for the defendant refutes Jones' explanation that the parties to it genuinely intended a cession, slnce that was the only means by which the Hippo group could capitalize on the 1984 suretyship which the defendant executed in favour of one of the

22
group. Agency was never contemplated because it would have been wholly ineffectual. It would have been ineffectual because a mere mandate to act as agent would not have created the debtor-creditor relationship between the plaintiff and Rietfontein on the strength of which the suretyship could be invoked. Notionally both routes were available to them: but the one, cession, was feasible and the other, agency, was not. Consequently there would have been no purpose for Hippo and the plaintiff to have contemplated agency which was to be camouflaged as cession.
In my view the defendant failed to discharge the evidentiary burden of showing that the transaction was not intended to be a cession. It follows that the plaintiff should have succeeded on its main cause of action. That being so there is no need to dwell on the alternative cause of action.
The following order is made:
1.	The appeal succeeds wlth costs.
2.	The order of the court a quo is set
aside. The following order is
substituted:

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Judgment is granted in favour of the plaintiff in the terms sought by it in its summons:
(a)	Payment of the sum of R71 257,14;
 (b)	Interest thereon at the rate of 1296 per annum a tempore morae from date of judgment to date of payment;
 (c)	Costs of suit.
P M NIENABER JA
JOUBERT JA	)
NESTADT JA	) CONCUR
PREISS AJA	)
KRIEGLER AJA	)